Because WebGIS maps (web-based geographic information systems) quickly convey strong messages, condense complex information, engage people on issues of environmental change, and motivate personal actions, this paper focuses on searching the ideal flood assessment WebGIS method to encourage people to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Although scientists widely stress the compelling need to mitigate and adapt to climate change, public awareness lags behind. Coastal urban areas are at risk because coastal flooding causes extensive damage to energy and transportation infrastructure, disruptions to the delivery of services, devastating tolls on the public's health and, occasionally, significant loss of life. Low elevation coastal areas are vulnerable to the effects of sea level rise and to an increase in the frequency and severity of storm surge events due to climate change.

Although covering all residential buildings in Lisbon, the application of the 3D city model is demonstrated with more detail in three pilot areas. The numerous parameters that contribute to assess seismic vulnerability of buildings may be analyzed individually or simultaneously as well as in multiple seismic scenarios. In the present study a seismic vulnerability assessment of Lisbon’s buildings held in 2D is extended to the third dimension, which refines the resolution and the set of parameters and explores the gains of spatial analysis in 3D representations.

The results of these studies were presented as maps obtained from crossing information contained in 2D layers and presented in a GIS environment. These studies generate different scenarios that consider the magnitude and source location of potential earthquakes. Several seismic vulnerability studies of buildings have been carried out in Lisbon. Lisbon is a city with a moderate level of seismic risk, and has been hit in the past by strong earthquakes. As such, these models may include tools that convey attribute analysis, not only at the statistical level but also in terms of visual appearance of the objects, thus allowing the generation of new knowledge about a phenomenon or its effects. In addition, we outline our current and future work.ģD city models associate a database of a city to a rigorous geospatial representation that is close to the visible reality by combining appearance, geometry, and semantics. In this paper we summarise the challenges and vulnerabilities which impact collaboration, and review significant risk elements which impede SoS, including existing solutions and methods which attempt to quantify risk. Our research demonstrates that while ICT has evolved quickly, solutions that attempt to identify issues and model large complex networks have failed to evolve at the same pace. As a result, systems-of-systems (SoS) are failing directly owing to these significant risk elements. Furthermore, they are extremely rigid, focusing upon a specific risk, attack, vulnerability, and are industry specific. Current solutions are inadequate, and incapable of adapting to the scale and complexity of these infrastructures. The rapid integration and dependence upon information and communication technologies (ICT) within varying industries, has augmented cyber interdependencies along with increasing other elements of risk such as complexity, cascading failure and single points of failure within collaborative infrastructures. The paperĬoncludes with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the given framework, as well as an outline of future research. The framework is demonstrated for an earthquake case in Eskisehir, Turkey. To which types of hazards are classified. After a brief introduction on the relations between types of disasters, data needed to manage theĭisasters and different users involved in the risk management process, the chapter elaborates on the parameters according The framework is designed to serve risk managers and to help them make a better selection of 3D model representations The levels of detail are compliant with the 3D international To the time needed to process the data and obtain this level of detail. Based on the disaster type, the needed level of detail for a 3D model is derived, which is then linked

A conceptual framework is proposed that defines the most appropriate 3D visualisations for different types of natural disasters

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